PAPER : Usul Fiqh DEVELOPMENTS ON THE PROPHET Muhamad

Oleh Unknown

Saturday, 29 November 2014

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PART I

INTRODUCTION
Background
        Usul is a major component in providing products fiqh, because usul is provision or rule to be used by the mujtahid in generating fiqh. However, in drafting the science of fiqh done ahead of the science of usul fiqh.
       Basically usul have existed even when the Prophet was alive, this is based on the hadith narrated that the Prophet once asked Muadh bin Jabal when it was sent to be governor in Yemen about what he would do if he had to lay down the law while he did not find legal in the Qur'an and Sunnah, then he answered the last question is that he will establish law through ijtihad, and the answer was received recognition from the Prophet.
        From the short story, it can be concluded that the Prophet in his time has been preparing the companions in order to have an alternative way of making the law if they do not find in the Qur'an and Sunnah. However, at this time has not come to the formulation and practice, as if the friend did not find the law of the Qur'an they can directly ask the Prophet.
        on the above description is required once an understanding of Islamic laws in accordance with the terms of the history and development of Islam. So that no confusing about the history of establishment of Islamic law. Thus, there is no difficulty in the development of Islamic law.
problem Formulation

1. How does the future development of Usul Fiqh prophets, companions and tabi'in?
2. How crystallization Usul Fiqh as a discipline?
3. Name streams Usul Fiqh and its works!

Objective Discussion
1. To know and understand the development of Usul Fiqh at the time of the Prophet, companions and tabi'in.
2. To know and understand about the crystallization Usul Fiqh as disciplines.
3. To know and understand about Usul Fiqh streams along with his works.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION
A. The development of Usul Fiqh at the time of the Prophet, Companions and tabi'een
1) The Prophet
At the time of the Prophet Muhammad was alive, all the problems of fiqh Apostles. At this time it can be said that the source fiqhadalah revelation of Allah. However, there are also efforts of some friends who use its opinion in determining the legal decision. It is based on the hadith of ibn Muadh Jabbal when he was sent by the Apostle to become governor in Yemen. Before leaving, the Prophet asked Muadz:

"Verily the Messenger of Allah, sent Mu'adh to Yemen and then the Prophet asked her son Jabbal how you would decide the issue ?, he replied: I'll decide based on the Book of Allah (Qur'an), the Prophet asked: if you do not find in the Book of Allah ? He replied: I'll decide based on the Sunnah of the Prophet, the Prophet asked: if you do not find in the Sunnah of the Prophet?!, He replied: I would diligence with penalaranku, eating Prophet said: Praise be to Allah who has given taufiq top of the messenger Prophet . "(HR. Tirmidhi)
From the above information it is understood that Usul Fiqh in theory has been used by a few friends, although at that time Usul Fiqh still not be certain scientific name. One of sati Usul Fiqh theory is that if there are problems that need legal certainty, the first decision is to find an answer in the Qur'an, then the hadith. If the second source of Islamic law is not found then it can diligence.
2) The Companions
In this period there was a business friend of positive ie the accumulation of verses in the Qur'an Manuscripts. The idea to collect the verses of Qur'an in one codex came from Umar ibn Khottab, on the basis of as many friends who memorized the Qur'an die in battle. This idea is conveyed by the caliph Umar Abu Bakr, Abu Bakr initially rejected it, because it is never dilkukan by Muhammad. But ultimately Abu Bakr received a good idea of this umar. So beliiau commissioned Zaid ibn Thabit to collect the verses of Qur'an written scattered in-sheath palm fronds, the skins. Bones and memorized by friends. These manuscripts disimpaan by Abu Bakr. Beyond the time of Umar and then after Umar died stored on Hafsa bint Umar, Usman bin Affan era, Usman borrow existing Manuscripts in Hafsah then commissioned again to Zaid ibn Thabit to reproduce and distribute them to the areas of Islam ie to Medina, Mecca, Kuffah , Basrah, and Damascus. Manuscripts that is up to us now.
3) The tabi'een
At the time tabi'in istinbat method is becoming increasingly clear and widespread due to the added breadth of Islamic regions so many new problems that arise. Many tabi'in nurtured friends who specializes in berfatwa and y, among others, Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab in Medina, and 'Alqamah ibn Qays and Ibrahim Al-Nakha'i in Iraq. In berfatwa they refer to the Qur'an, the Sunnah of the Prophet, the fatwa friend, ijma ', qiyas, and maslahah mursalah.

B. Crystallization Usul Fiqh as Disciplines
In this period is characterized by the rapid development of Islamic science, even known as the golden age of Islam. With the establishment of "Baitul Hikmah", which is the largest library in his time, Baghdad became tower science kotra attended from various parts of the Islamic region. These institutions, as well as the library also serves as a translator hall books from Greek into Arabic. The rapid development of the Islamic sciences these disciplines anatara calls for separation of science with other fields.
In the atmosphere of the rapid development of the Islamic sciences, Usul Fiqh emerged as a separate discipline. Then by Imam Shafi'i drafted a book he entitled Al-Kitab, and later known as Al-Risala which means a letter. Known so because it was originally a book sheets of a letter he sent to 'Abdur-Rahman al-Mahdi, a ruler and hadith expert when it. The emergence of book Alrisalah an early phase of development Usul Fiqh as a discipline. In general discussion in this book revolves around the bases Fiqh formation, ie the Qur'an, Sunnah, ijma ', Fatwa friend, and Qiyas.

C. streams Usul Fiqh and his works
1) Flow jumhur Ulama Usul Fiqh
This stream is known as flow or flow Mutakallimin Syafi'iyah. This stream is known as the Ulema jumhur flow because the flow embraced by the majority of scholars from the Malikiyah, Syafi'iyah and Hanabilah. Called Syafi'iyah flow because most people first realize how Usul writing like this is known as Imam Syafi'ii and Mutakallimin flow as experts in this field after Imam Shafi'i is among Mutakallimin (experts theology), for example Imam al -Juwaini, al-Qadli Jabbar and al-Imam al-Ghazali.
How to write Usul Fiqh flow was initiated by Imam Shafi'i, and then developed by the disciples and followers (Syafi'iyah) so called Syafi'iyah flow. In the development of methods of preparation of Usul Fiqh this flow followed by the Malikiyah and Hanabilah. Therefore, this method is also known as the method jumhur Ulama Usul Fiqh. And because the characters are generally from among experts theology that was developed with a more or less influenced by the method of theology, then the flow is also referred to as flow Mutakallimin (experts theology).
The books are arranged according to Usul Fiqh jumhur flow are:
• Al-Risala, compiled by Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i (150 H-204 H). Kitab Al-Risala is the first book Usul Fiqh. Therefore, this book became a major reference in the study Usul Fiqh and many mengsyrahnya, among others Sharh Abi Bakr al-Shairafi and Abu al-Sharh al-Walid Muhammad ibn Abd Naisaburi. This book has been printed repeatedly and most popular in the Islamic world.
• Al-Mustashfa min 'Ilm al-Usul, by Abu Hamid al-Ghazali experts Usul Fiqh of the Syafi'iyah. As with any work of al-Ghazali, the book is regarded as a book Usul Fiqh highly qualified and outstanding in the Islamic world until now.
• Al-'Uddah fi Usul al-Fiqh, by Abu al-Farra Ya'la 'al-Usul Fiqh Hanbaliseorang experts Hanbaliyah followers of the Hanbali), etc.
2) Flow Flow fuqaha or Hanafiyah
Aliaran fuqaha, is being developed by a stream of scholars Hanafiyah. In formulating their rules of Usul Fiqh guided by the opinions of fiqh Abu Hanifah and the opinions of his subjects, and equip it with examples.
The books are arranged according to Usul Fiqh Hanafiyah flow among others are:
• Taqwim al-Adillah, the work of Imam Abu Zaid al-Dabbusi. Expert Usul Fiqh of the Hanafiyah. Books that are standard in the book Usul Fiqh Hanafi school is printed first in al-Mathba'ah al-Amiriyah, Cairo Egypt.
• Usul al-Syarakhshi, compiled by Imam Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Shams al-Aimmah al-Sarakhshi. Fiqh and Usul Fiqh hostage in order Hanafi.
3) Flow anatara Combining the above two flow
In a further development, as mentioned by Muhammad Abu Zahra, emerging third stream in writing Usul Fiqh merge between the two streams. For example, the book of al-Jawami Jam'u 'by Ibn al-Usul Fiqh Sidki experts from among Syafi'iyah, and the book of al-Tahrir al-Kamal Ibn al-Humam experts Usul Fiqh of the Hanafiyah.

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION
Basically usul been there even when Muhammad was still alive, it is in the underlying with the hadith narrated that Muhammad never asked Muadzz bin Jabal when it was sent to be governor in Yemen about what to do if he had to lay down the law while he did not find the law in the Qur'an and as-sunna, then Muadh bin Jabal Last post questions answered in this that he will establish law through ijtihad, and it turns out the answer Muadh bin Jabal recognition of Muhammad.


REFERENCES
Efendi Satria, Usul Fiqh, Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2005, Cet. I

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